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On January 3, 1880. a young London gun maker named Frederick Beeslev left his home at 22 Queen Street, off the Edgware Road, and made his way to Her Majesty's patent office. He was earning a packet of papers.
At the patent office. Beesley filed the provisional specifications for a mechanism he described as "a self opening hammerless gun." The patent application was assigned No. 31 for that year. Six months later, on July 2, Beesley signed the complete specification, and the next day it was filed in the Great Seal Patent Office.
None of those involved, even Beesley himself, could have had any notion that patent No. 1880/31 would become one of the most famous guns in history—a design so enduring it would still be in production more than 130 years later.
Had Beesley suspected, perhaps he would not have taken his patent to the shop of his old employer, James Purdev, and offered to sell it to him. But he did, and Purdev, searching at the time for a hammerless design worthy of his house, saw the possibilities. On July 29, 1880, he paid Beesley £55 for the rights to his design for 14 years. The first gun was completed later that same year—and to this day, Purdev has never made a "best" side-bv-side to any other pattern.
Much has been made of the one-sided nature of this transaction. After all, Purdev made a fortune and, it could be argued, owes its continued survival to the excellence of this design. But Beesley benefited as well, and handsomely. In 1880, £55 was the price of a "best" gun from the finest house—or almost six months wages for a skilled craftsman. Many years later, Beesley?s granddaughters attested to the fact that the money allowed their grandfather to establish himself in the
trade, to move eventually from the Edgware Road to St. James, and to become a significant competitor to his former employer.
The Woodward "Automatic" *left) and the Lancaster "Wrist Breaker" were two of the most famous and widely used English shotgun actions of the late Victorian age.
As yet unrestored, this Gibbs & Pitt's gun, patented in 1873 and proofed with 2i2;-inch blackpowder cartridges, survived years of shooting with 234-ineh heavy smokeless waterfowl loads, and was still perfectly tight. The original French walnut stock is gorgeous.
In 1880. however, Frederick Beeslev was just 33 years old, and both business and life were a struggle. A qualified gun maker who apprenticed with William Moore & Grey and later worked for James Purdev, among others, Beeslev had been on his own for barely a year, when he perfected the design that became patent No. 31. He was already known as a skilled., perfectionist workman and a talented innovator, but these traits alone were not enough to get established in the
intensely competitive world of London gunmaking.
Beeslev was working from the Queen Street house, where he. his wife, and their two children shared the premises with more than a dozen other people.
Although he started an order book of his own, in 1871, nine years later he had produced fewer than a hundred guns, and he was not getting rich.
Even at that time, Beesley's interest lay more in invention than production. As he later recounted, the inspiration for patent No. 31 came from studying the workings of John Stanton's rebounding lock, patented in 1867 and employed on the vast majority of hammer guns from that day forward. Stanton had recognized that the two arms of a V-spring had potential for use in more than one function in a mechanism. In his design, the longer arm propels the hammer forward, and the shorter one moves the hammer back from the striker to its half-cock position. In the transfer of tension from one arm to the other and back again, Frederick Beeslev saw the basis for a revolutionary design, and so it proved to be. With it, Purdey has set the standard against which every other shotgun action, all over the world, has been measured ever since.
This 10-bore has had a hard century of life, but is still perfectly functional.
Significant as Beeslev's design was, the history of the London gun neither begins nor ends with patent No. 31. But it did signal the end of a remarkable 30-year period that had revolutionized the world of shooting.
This W&C Scott double rifle has back-action locks and conventional barrel-cocking, one of the many variations found on this action.
Histories of this period in gunmaking usually begin with the Great Exhibition of 1851, which is reasonable, because it was there that Casimir Lefaucheux displayed his break-action breechloader. That action led to Joseph Lang producing the first such London gun. But there is far more to it than that. Between 1840 and 1880, the planets aligned in an unprecedented way, revolutionizing the world of shooting, gunmaking. and English society itself.
W&C Scott guns were beautifully made. Their patented fore-end release, unique to Scott guns, is a work of art.
In 1840, Queen Victoria married her cousin, the German Prince Albert. The Prince brought with him to England a passionate love of shooting. Since Waterloo, English aristocrats had been enthusiastic shooters, and many great estates were known for their grouse and partridge. Now, with royal imprimatur, enthusiasm for the pastime engulfed society. Happily, this coincided with the expansion of railways, which allowed swift travel to distant points. Combined with the expansion
of driven shooting, this made possible that great English institution, the shooting weekend. Even the Great Exhibition itself, where Lang first saw the Lefaucheux gun, can be laid at the feet of Prince Albert. The royal had a strong interest in industry and the arts, and the exhibition was both his idea and his creation.
Original drawings of the Woodward "Automatic" from The Field, reproduced in The British Shotgun, *Vol. II, Crudgington & Baker).
The wealthy class had developed a lasting passion for shooting and demanded guns that were ever better and more finely made. In London, the Manton brothers had already fostered the principle that a gun should be a fine implement, not a crude tool. So, London attracted the most talented gun makers and inventors in the country, and they set about refining the basic break-action shotgun that Joseph Lang unveiled in 1853.
Between 1850 and 1880, guns evolved from percussion to pinfire to centerfire, from muzzleloader to breechloader, from hammers to hammerless, and from blackpowder to the first smokeless propellants. Never before or since has so much been accomplished in so short a period, and the impetus was competition and serious money.
The rise in driven shooting for grouse, partridge, and pheasant became practical only after the introduction of the self-contained cartridge. Once established, however, it became the driving force behind further improvements, encouraging gun makers to refine their products as they sought speed of use, efficiency of motion, and durability.
This quest for greater speed and convenience began as soon as the centerfire cartridge replaced the pinfire, in the early 1860s, and it was realized the centerfire hammer gun could be improved in a number of ways. One was to find a "snap" action for closing, in which the locking bolts would snap home on their own as the gun was closed, thereby eliminating the need for a separate motion by the shooter, such as pushing a lever back into position. Another was a means of cocking
the hammers automatically as the gun was opened. A third was to find a way to eject empty cartridge cases, rather than having the shooter pick out the hulls manually.
Gun makers all over the country tackled these challenges. Through the 1860s, more than 100 patents were filed for different types of snap actions alone. Several makers realized that, with the move to centerfire cartridges, there was no longer any real need for external hammers. The entire mechanism could be moved inside the gun, protecting hammers and strikers from the elements. At the same time, it raised more questions: without a visible hammer, how was the shooter to
know the gun was cocked? And, if it was cocked, what kind of safety mechanism would be needed to prevent accidental discharges?
Today, we look at a side-bv-side shotgun and see what has become the standard form. The barrels pivot downward on a hinge pin. The movement of the barrels cocks the tumblers. Two underlugs on the barrels fit into a slot in the action and, when the barrels are closed, they are locked in place by a sliding bolt. This bolt is operated by a toplever connected to a spindle down through the frame. A double safety mechanism both blocks the triggers and prevents the tumblers from
falling accidentally. Selective ejectors automatically expel fired hulls. All the features just described were invented and patented in England in the 1860s and 70s.
Although many credit William Anson and John Deeley, of Westley Richards in Birmingham, with inventing the first hammerless action (the Anson & Deeley boxlock, in 1875) it was not the first, nor was it even the first really successful one (although, in terms of sheer numbers, it went on to become the dominant double-shotgun design of all time). By the 1870s, several gun makers were trying to create a true hammerless action. The major challenge was not to move the tumblers inside, but to find a means of cocking them.
Out of this period sprang four actions that achieved considerable success at the time and were made in sufficient numbers that we still find them for sale today.
One was invented in Bristol, one in Birmingham, and two in London. One is, for lack of a better term, a boxlock, while another is a hybrid via a mechanism that can be married to either a boxlock or sidelock. They all have two common qualities. One, they were so good they were adopted and made, usually under license, by several companies. The second was that the guns themselves were so sound that many are still in use today. These actions are the Gibbs & Pitt's (Bristol, 1873), the W&C Scott (Birmingham, 1878), Woodward's Automatic (London, 1876), and the Lancaster "Wrist Breaker" (London, 1884). Each has a distinct place in the history of the development of the English shotgun, and that significance can best be understood by looking at them chronologically.
The interior of a Lancaster lock, seen here from the bottom and side, made to the first variation of the Wrist Breaker self-opening design, this one employing a V-spring instead of a straight leaf spring.
The idea of a hammerless (or internal hammer) gun can be traced back to the days of flintlocks, but the first successful design for such a gun is generally acknowledged to be Theophilus Murcott's gun of 1871. Murcott was a successful London gun maker, and his design employed internal tumblers with a push-forward underlever to cock them.
Two years later, in Bristol, rifle maker George Gibbs and his partner, Thomas Pitt, designed another lever-operated action, this one with the mechanism on the trigger plate. Gibbs was a well-known gun maker who worked closely with William Metford, and his products were highly respected throughout the country.
Other gun makers—including James Purdey—marketed guns and rifles built on the Gibbs & Pitt's patent. (In 1875, Anson and Deeley designed the boxlock that became the world standard for such guns, and though it cut into the Gibbs & Pitt's market, it did not eliminate it.)
We go now to London, where the famous firm of J. Woodward & Sons was also tackling the question of hammerless guns. James Woodward apprenticed with Charles Moore, an established London gun maker of high reputation. Eventually, the company became Moore & Woodward, and then, in 1872, J. Woodward & Sons. The company was known for making the finest of guns, in a class with Purdey and Boss, and was also very inventive.
In 1876, Woodward filed patent No. 600, in conjunction with Thomas Southgate, for a mechanism employing a push-forward underlever that would both unlock the barrels and automatically cock the external hammers of a conventional gun. They called this the "Automaton" or "Automatic"—probably the first use of that word in connection with firearms.
For Woodward to make a hammerless gun, it was a simple matter to move the tumblers inside the lock plates and use the same mechanism to cock them, which it did. The company launched a major advertising campaign in the periodicals of the day, licensed their design to other gun makers, and made guns on which other makers put their names. The "Automatic" became Woodward's entry in the hammerless race, and was used for both shotguns and rifles.
The Lancaster is distinguished by its leg-of-mutton lock plates and rounded frame. It is an ergonomic delight, in spite of its Wrist Breaker nickname.
In Birmingham, W&C Scott, one of the largest, most famous, and certainly among the finest English gun makers, was also looking for a hammerless design. The firm decided to use the fall of the barrels as the cocking mechanism. There was also concern as to how the shooter would know the gun was cocked, and Scott resolved that with its patented "crystal indicator," a small glass porthole through which could be seen the cocked tumbler. This, together with its distinctive lock
plate, made the Scott instantly recognizable.
The action became known as the "Classic Scott" and was, again, licensed and marketed under other names. The most famous user was Holland & Holland, which marketed it as the "Climax." So famous did H&H later become that many today think it was that firm that invented it.
By 1881, all of these designs were in production. Some were produced to exclusive patents, others were made under license, or the patentees manufactured guns on which other gun makers put their names. But, the one thing the English gun trade was lacking was a generic design available to all. In 1881, the Rogers brothers of Birmingham solved that problem.
The Rogers brothers were actioners who, in effect, rescued smaller gun makers by patenting an action that eventually became the standard design for members of the trade who lacked one of their own. The Rogers action is the most commonly found, and imitated, of all the English sidelock designs, yet is virtually unknown by its real name. The immediately recognizable characteristic of the Rogers is the cocking levers that protrude from the knuckle of the frame. Frederick
Beeslev, having sold patent No. 31 to Purdey, was on his way to becoming "inventor to the London trade," as he is now remembered. When he died in 1928, Beesley had 25 patents to his name of which, undoubtedly, the Purdey is the most famous. But it is not the best.
Patent drawing for Frederick Beesley's patent No. 42.5 of 1884 in its original boxlock configuration. Adapted to a sidelock mechanism, it became the Lancaster Wrist Breaker.
Although Beesley's shop window at 2 St. James's Street proclaimed him "inventor and patentee of Purdev's hammerless gun." he himself believed it could be improved upon., and he set out to do so.
In 1884. Beeslev filed another patent, this one No. 425. Like most English patents, the description is deliberately vague, intended that way to put rivals off the scent. But it describes an ingenious mechanism that employs a single leaf spring to perform three distinct and vital functions: cocking the tumbler, powering it forward, and then opening the action.
Beesley considered this a significant refinement of the principle used in the Purdev patent—it was simpler, stronger, and it did more with less. It was a mechanism that could be adapted to either boxlock or sidelock, and, indeed, the initial patent filing describes it as a boxlock. Although Beesley made some guns to the patent, the majority were manufactured by Charles Lancaster, where it became famous as the "Wrist Breaker," so called because of the resistance in closing it against spring pressure. Lancaster was one of London's oldest, largest, and most prestigious firms, and it used the action in thousands of shotguns and rifles.
With the filing of patent No. 425, the only major action yet to appear was the Holland & Holland "Royal," in 1885. In a remarkable 15-vear period, between the appearance of "Murcott's Mousetrap," in 1871, and the Lancaster "Wrist Breaker" in 1884, the English shotgun had evolved into the form we know today.
The Gibbs and Pitt's Action The Gibbs & Pitt's action was invented by George Gibbs and Thomas Pitt of Bristol, and patented in 1873, two years after Murcott's first hammerless design, and two years before the Anson & Deeley. Like the Murcott, it was a lever-cocked design that could be adapted to a variety of lock mechanisms, of which the most commonly seen is a trigger-plate lock that protrudes from the action forward of the trigger guard. The Gibbs & Pitt's is very strong, and it was employed in both rifles and shotguns. Donald Dallas, who has studied the history of the English gun trade and written several books on the subject, estimates 10,000 guns were made to this pattern.
An early model Gibbs & Pitt's 12-bore shotgun with imderlever cocking and trigger plate lock. This is a very strong and durable action that was used on both shotguns and rifles. The T-shaped wooden plug indicates that it w as originally built with the very early side safety, then replaced with the more reliable swinging lever.
James Purdev is known to have used the Gibbs and Pitt's action, among others, during the brief period between the appearance of the hammerless gun and Purdev's adoption of the Beeslev self-opener, in 1880.
Although the Gibbs & Pitt's appears strange to our eyes today, with its unusual frame and under-hung lock, it is both strong and dependable and makes into a light and well balanced gun. Gibbs' guns were beautifully made. The gun shown here is original condition, at least 125 years old, and although it has 2 1/2 inch chambers and blackpowder proof, survived a lifetime of shooting heavy 2 3/4 -inch smokeless duck loads and is still as tight as the day it left Gibbs' shop in Corn Street.
The Gibbs & Pitt's was designed in the very early days of hammerless actions, when gunmakers were experimenting with a variety of approaches for cocking mechanisms and safety catches. The early models used underlevers, but later examples are seen with toplevers.
Gibbs & Pitt's actions were beautifully made. The patent emblem indicates a gun made by Gibbs. not under license by another maker.
The Classic Scott W&C Scott & Sons was one of the largest and best gunmakers in Birmingham. A son. William Middleditch Scott, patented the Scott spindle that, married to Purdev's double underlug, became the standard bolting mechanism for double guns to this day. Purdev held the license for the combination in London., and Scott in Birmingham, profitting both greatly.
In 1878, Scott patented the action that became known as the "Classic Scott." most famous as Holland's "Climax." So well-known did the Climax become, many today think it was H&H's patent.
W&C Scott worked closely with Holland in the years before H&H built its London factory on Harrow Road (1893), and most of Holland's guns and rifles came from Scott's, to be finished in London.The Scott name is better known abroad than in England, where it mainly supplied guns and rifles to the trade for others (like H&H) to engrave with their own name. In the U.S., however, the Scott name became very well known. Captain Adam Bogardus was a particular admirer of Scott guns, and thousands were exported to the U.S.
The Classic Scott is recognizable by a number of features, including the distinctive lock-plate shape and the small glass porthole (crystal indicator) that allows the shooter to see whether the tumbler is cocked. The action is cocked by the falling of the barrels, and Scott tried a number of approaches to this. The best known employs a hook on each side that fit into slots in the action flats. As the barrels drop, the hooks pull the cocking rod forward, pivoting the tumbler back. In one
variation, there are coil springs around the rods, which then power the tumbler forward.
Because of the distinctive shape, the Classic Scott is usually described as a "back action" sidelock (meaning the spring is behind the tumbler, rather than in the bar of the action), but this is not necessarily the case.
Donald Dallas describes the Classic Scott as "beautifully made." They are also strong and reliable and are seen on all types of guns, from smallbore double rifles up to massive 8-gauge shotguns.
W&C Scott merged with Philip Webley, in 1897, to become Webley & Scott. In the years that followed, the Scott name was put on the firm's fine doubles. When the company fell on hard times, after 1945, W&C Scott was divested, then later acquired, ironically, by Holland & Holland. The Classic Scott can be found with many different names engraved on the locks, but all were made by Scott'. They are fine and under-appreciated guns.
A 10-bore Classic Scott, with its trademark Crystal Indicator.
Woodward's Automatic
James Woodward & Sons was in the absolute top echelon of London gunmakers, mentioned in the same breath as Purdev and Boss. James the elder learned the trade with Charles Moore, brought his sons James and Charles into the business, and became J. Woodward & Sons, in 1872.
Although it remained a small family firm for its 80-vear existence (it was absorbed by Purdey in 1948, the only company Purdev ever acquired), the Woodwards were inventors, as well as the finest of gunmakers.
In 1876, James the younger collaborated with the well-known inventor Thomas Southgate to patent an underlever cocking action for hammer guns, called the "Automaton." This mechanism (patent No. 600) was easily adapted to a hammerless sidelock with tumblers and, as such, was called "The Automatic." It was widely advertised, and the name is engraved on the rib near the standing breech. Woodward made a specialty of underlever guns, employing several types from the swiveling Jones underlever to push-forward "snap action" underlevers and the tumbler-cocking snap underlever of the Automatic.
Traditionally, Woodward's main rival in the trade was Boss & Co., which favored sidelevers, until the firm was acquired by John Robertson, in 1892. Robertson not only refined Boss' game guns, he invented the Boss over/under and selective single trigger. Woodward followed suit with an over/under and single trigger of its own and, today, the Woodward over/under is widely considered the finest ever made. Purdey's major motive for buying Woodward, in 1948, was to obtain the
over/under design for themselves.
Although the quality of its guns was never questioned, the Woodwards were known for being somewhat iconoclastic. The firm favored 29-inch barrels, while others made theirs 30 inches. Woodwards featured half-pistol hands, when others insisted on straight grips, and their walnut was known for its flair. Among engraving patterns, the Woodward craftsmen preferred tiny scroll, and the arcaded (umbrella-carved) fence became almost a trademark of them, as did protruding
tumbler pivots on their lock plates.
The Automatic became very well known and popular in the 1880s. Woodward's not only used the action for its own guns and rifles, it also made guns for the trade. Donald Dallas states that the action can be found with many different makers' names, and there is at least one that was made for John Dickson & Co. of Edinburgh, the famous Scottish maker, engraved in a typically Scottish pattern.
For many years, Woodward Automatics went begging on the used-gun market, but it is a fine action and extremely well made. Any Automatic, regardless of name, was built by Woodward's and offers an opportunity to own a London best at a price far below those demanded for a Boss or Purdey.
The Automatic, by J. Woodward & Sons. The hammerless design is an outgrowth of the firm's 1876 patent for a method of cocking hammers with an underlever and adapted to a hammerless design. It was very popular, and Woodward licensed the design to other gunmakers.
There were other Woodwards in the trade, including two in Birmingham., and one must be careful. As well, J. Woodward's output was not large—only about 5,000 guns and rifles over an 80-vear period—and most were purchased by serious shooters who knew guns. As such, they were put to hard use. Steve Denny, a director of Holland & Holland, says he has seen many "tired old Woodwards" over the years, and many have been either rebarreled or sleeved.
Conversely, there are many Purdevs that were purchased for the name, by men who shot relatively little, and are in very fine condition even after many years.
Purdey has the Woodward records, offers Woodward guns once again in both over/under and side-by-side configurations (although not the Automatic), and a Woodward owner becomes part of the worldwide Purdev clan. Examining a gun from J. Woodward & Sons shows you what gunmaking can be.
Lancaster's Wrist Breaker
By 1884, James Purdey was building almost as many hammerless as hammer guns, all of them on Beesley's 1881 patent. And though the Beesley/Purdev design was on its way to immortality, Frederick Beesley wasn't satisfied. Almost immediately, he began work on a further refined self-opening action that he patented in 1884, No. 425 for that year.
In the patent application, the action is described as a boxlock, but in fact it was so versatile that it could be made with various configurations of locks and tumblers. Most that exist today have a sidelock. but not one that can be readily described as either back-action or bar-action.
The heart of the design is a strong leaf mainspring that runs through the action bar and protrudes from the knuckle. This spring performs three functions. In one, the spring propels the tumbler forward to fire the gun. In the second, when the barrels are unbolted, the center of the spring pushes upward on a cam against the barrel flat, pushing the gun open. And, in the third, as the barrels pivot down, they press on the protruding end of the spring, levering the tumbler back into its cocked position. When the gun is closed, the two cams in the barrel flats press down through the action flats, bearing on the spring and increasing its tension to give it maximum power to propel the tumblers forward once again.
This action has several intrinsic advantages. First, when the gun is open or dismantled, the spring is at rest, so there is no need to relieve it. Second, it has the hidden advantage of a self-opener, which only becomes apparent now, after a century of experience. Self-opening guns outlast others that, though they may have been equal quality when built, have not stood up as well. This is because the constant tension applied on the action by the self-opening mechanism keeps the gun from gradually developing play among its moving parts and eventually shooting loose.
Lancaster's Wrist Breaker, built to Frederick Beesley's 1884 patent. Although found with several variations of springs and locks, the lock plates have the distinctive Lancaster "leg of mutton" shape. As a result, they are often erroneously described as back-action locks.
Beesley began licensing his new design to other gunmakers, the most prominent of which was Charles Lancaster. In 1884. Lancaster was one of London's oldest, largest, and finest gunmakers. The first Charles Lancaster had been Joseph Manton's barrelmaker, before going out on his own, in 1826. By 1884, the company was owned by HAA. Thorn, himself a talented inventor and gunmaker and a superb businessman. Beesley licensed his design to Thorn, and it became the Lancaster "Wrist Breaker," so called because of the supposed difficulty in closing it.
From 1884 until the early 1920s, Lancaster used Beesley's design for its "best" guns and rifles. That design is mainly known by its distinctive "leg of mutton" lockplate, which often leads to its being (sometimes inaccurately) described as a back-action. Another interesting feature is the shape of the frame. It was the first "rounded action" of the type later made famous by John Robertson on the Boss guns.
There are probably more variations on this gun than any other, with at least five known to exist. One variation, the most common, substitutes a V-spring for the leaf, with one arm cocking the tumbler and opening the gun, and the other arm propelling the tumbler forward. When the craze for detachable locks struck London, in the early 1900s, Lancaster redesigned the lock, turning it into a conventional back-action sidelock with a detachable feature for those who wanted it.
Around 1911, as costs rose, Lancaster began offering a sidelock of more conventional appearance, one built on the Rogers action, as its less expensive, second-quality gun. After the Great War, Beesley's design was discontinued, the Rogers became the "best" gun, and, today, Lancasters with more "modern" lock plates command higher prices than the Beesley.
Frederick Beesley considered patent No. 425 superior to the Purdey and built some guns on it himself, as well as licensing it to Lancaster and others. Lancaster made several thousand, and these are the guns most commonly seen today. A specimen in good condition is a superb example of London gunmaking.
Fin de la historia
Saludos